Its first section opened in 1863, making it the oldest underground metro system in the world. [106], London Underground's eleven lines total 402 kilometres (250mi) in length,[1] making it the seventh longest metro system in the world. Access from platform to train at some stations can be assisted using a boarding ramp operated by staff, and a section has been raised on some platforms to reduce the step. This resulted in a 40% increase in capacity between Seven Sisters and Walthamstow Central. The Hammersmith and City line, which runs from Hammersmith in west London to Barking in east London, serves 29 tube stations and shares stops with the District, Circle, Metropolitan,. [22] To prepare construction, a short test tunnel was built in 1855 in Kibblesworth, a small town with geological properties similar to London. [159] UK subscribers to the Three mobile network can use the[160] InTouch[161] app to route their voice calls and texts messages via the Virgin Media Wifi network at 138 London Transport stations. [213], In addition to automatic and staffed faregates at stations, the Underground also operates on a proof-of-payment system. Part of the Greater London Authority, the TfL Board is appointed by the Mayor of London, who also sets the structure and level of public transport fares in London. [205] In March 2012 the cost of this in the previous year to travellers was 66.5million. Underground map with the tube lines and stations, according to the current . 3. His design was displayed at Southwark Station in collaboration with Art on the Underground to mark the opening weekend of the new Tate Modern gallery situated near the station. [290] The Met's architect Charles Walter Clark had used a neo-classical design for rebuilding Baker Street and Paddington Praed Street stations before the First World War and, although the fashion had changed, continued with Farringdon in 1923. During air raids in 1915 people used the tube stations as shelters. On 19 August 2016, London Underground launched a 24-hour service on the Victoria and Central lines with plans in place to extend this to the Piccadilly, Northern and Jubilee lines starting on Friday morning and continuing right through until Sunday evening. [170], The thirty-six 1972-stock trains on the Bakerloo line have already exceeded their original design life of 40 years. [199][200][201], TfL introduced the Oyster card in 2003; this is a pre-payment smartcard with an embedded contactless RFID chip. [317] The Met, strongly independent, used images on timetables and on the cover of its Metro-land guide that promoted the country it served for the walker, visitor and later the house-hunter. Temporary sign boards that stand at the top of escalators also maximise turbulence. The latest of these lines is the highly successful Elizabeth line which was . [289] Harry W. Ford was responsible for the design of at least 17 UERL and District Railway stations, including Barons Court and Embankment, and claimed to have first thought of enlarging the U and D in the UNDERGROUND wordmark. Bank and Monument operate as a combined station with shared usage statistics. Piccadilly line capacity could be increased by 60% with 33 trains per hour (tph) at peak times by 2025. Waterloo & City line capacity increased by 50% by 2032, after the track at Waterloo station is remodelled. [37] Ironically, the term Tube was later adopted alongside the Underground. Two people are stabbed outside Harlesden Tube station: Police rush to the scene and Bakerloo line is part-suspended. The alterations to the ventilation system are important, not only to heat exchange, but also the quality of the air at platform level, particularly given its asbestos content. The first section of the Metropolitan District Railway, from South Kensington to Westminster (now part of the District and Circle lines), opens. [83], In 2000, Transport for London (TfL) was created as an integrated body responsible for London's transport system. [55] In 1999, the Jubilee Line Extension project extended the Jubilee line from Green Park station through the growing Docklands to Stratford station. [25] The Metropolitan District Railway (commonly known as the District Railway) opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster as part of a plan for an underground "inner circle" connecting London's main-line stations. This opened in 1890 with electric locomotives that hauled carriages with small opaque windows, nicknamed padded cells. [244], London Underground is authorised to operate trains by the Office of Rail Regulation. If you take the average depth below sea level of all the platforms in each tube station - an important clarification - London Bridge comes out on top (bottom). [253], Early maps of the Metropolitan and District railways were city maps with the lines superimposed,[254] and the District published a pocket map in 1897. [180][181][182], In mid-2014 Transport for London issued a tender for up to 18 trains for the Jubilee line and up to 50 trains for the Northern line. Fares increased following a legal challenge but the fare zones were retained, and in the mid-1980s the Travelcard and the Capitalcard were introduced. [340], This article is about the rapid transit system in London. Therefore, the transportation and complex network literatures include extensive information about the Tube system. [249] Most platforms at deep tube stations have pits, often referred to as 'suicide pits', beneath the track. [98][100] By increasing rail capacity, the line aims to reduce overcrowding on the Tube and cut cross-London journey times. Many platforms have unique interior designs to help passenger identification. [129] Since 1999 all new stock has had to comply with accessibility regulations that require such things as access and room for wheelchairs, and the size and location of door controls. Today's tube map is an evolution of that original design, and the ideas are used by many metro systems around the world. [89], Electronic ticketing in the form of the contactless Oyster card was first introduced in 2003,[90] with payment using contactless banks cards introduced in September 2014. A total of 173 people, including 62 children, died, making this both the worst civilian disaster in Britain during the Second World War, and the largest loss of life in a single incident on the London Underground network. Of the 32 London boroughs, six (Bexley, Bromley, Croydon, Kingston, Lewisham and Sutton) are not served by the Underground network, while Hackney has Old Street (on the Northern line Bank branch) and Manor House (on the Piccadilly line) only just inside its boundaries. The Metropolitan Railway protested about the change of plan, but after arbitration by the Board of Trade, the DC system was adopted. [28] Both railways expanded, the District building five branches to the west reaching Ealing, Hounslow,[29] Uxbridge,[30] Richmond and Wimbledon[29] and the Metropolitan eventually extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 miles (80km) from Baker Street and the centre of London. Photo Sales. Of these, five (Amersham, Chalfont & Latimer, Chesham, and Chorleywood on the Metropolitan line, and Epping on the Central line), are beyond the M25 London Orbital motorway. The Metropolitan line operates express services, known as "fast" or "semi-fast", which do not stop at certain stations, thus decreasing total travelling time and increasing capacity. Coming in second for length and second for number of stations it serves (53), just like the ride itself this line is very much the second 2 Metropolitan line - 66.7km. The Bakerloo, Central, Jubilee, Northern, Piccadilly, Victoria and Waterloo & City lines are deep-level tubes, with smaller trains that run in two circular tunnels (tubes) with a diameter about 11feet 8inches (3.56m). [246] As of 2015[update] there have been nine consecutive years in which no employee fatalities have occurred. [124], London Underground trains come in two sizes, larger sub-surface trains and smaller deep-tube trains. [171][173][174], The signalling system on the Jubilee line has been replaced to increase capacity on the line by 20%the line now runs 30 trains per hour at peak times, compared to the previous 24 trains per hour. When the Central line was extended east, the stations were simplified Holden proto-Brutalist designs,[295] and a cavernous concourse built at Gants Hill in honour of early Moscow Metro stations. The Central line operates at 20-minute intervals between Leytonstone and Hainault, between Leytonstone and Loughton, and between White City and Ealing Broadway. This list includes all stations on the London Underground and Docklands Light Railway. [276] Crossrail will also be identified with a roundel. [301] West Ham station was built as a homage to the red brick tube stations of the 1930s, using brick, concrete and glass. The Overground never runs underground. [11] Despite its name, only 45% of the system is under the ground: much of the network in the outer environs of London is on the surface. [53], In 1933, most of London's underground railways, tramway and bus services were merged to form the London Passenger Transport Board, which used the London Transport brand. [26] The Metropolitan and District railways completed the Circle line in 1884,[27] built using the cut and cover method. [189] The invitation to tender for the trains was issued in January 2016;[190] the specifications for the Piccadilly line infrastructure are expected in 2016,[184][185] and the first train is due to run on the Piccadilly line in 2023. The current operator, London Underground Limited (LUL), is a wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London (TfL), the statutory corporation responsible for the transport network in London. Bakerloo line capacity could be increased by 25% with 27 tph at peak times by 2033. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) The district line has the most station. [66][71] Also during the 1960s, the Victoria line was dug under central London and, unlike the earlier tunnels, did not follow the roads above. [132] In 1938 approval was given for a ventilation improvement programme, and a refrigeration unit was installed in a lift shaft at Tottenham Court Road. [202] It can be loaded with Travelcards and used on the Underground, the Overground, buses, trams, the Docklands Light Railway, and National Rail services within London. The 85 existing 1992-stock trains are the most unreliable on the London Underground as they are equipped with the first generation of solid-state direct-current thyristor-control traction equipment. metro systems. The London Underground uses a system of nine concentric zones for the calculation of fares between stations. [44] Only the Metropolitan Railway, along with its subsidiaries the Great Northern & City Railway and the East London Railway, and the Waterloo & City Railway, by then owned by the main line London and South Western Railway, remained outside the Underground Group's control. The Bakerloo line will receive new trains as part of the New Tube for London project. [46] At the time, the term Underground was selected from three other proposed names; 'Tube' and 'Electric' were both officially rejected. [57] The 193540 New Works Programme included the extension of the Central and Northern lines and the Bakerloo line to take over the Metropolitan's Stanmore branch. [134] A 2000 study reported that air quality was seventy-three times worse than at street level, with a passenger inhaling the same mass of particulates during a twenty-minute journey on the Northern line as when smoking a cigarette. 4. [82] The stations have subsequently been praised as exemplary pieces of 20th century architecture. 1 Piccadilly line - 71km. The tiling at Baker Street incorporates repetitions of Sherlock Holmes's silhouette,[302] at Tottenham Court Road semi-abstract mosaics by Eduardo Paolozzi feature musical instruments, tape machines and butterflies, [303] and at Charing Cross, David Gentleman designed the mural depicting the construction of the Eleanor Cross. [171], New S Stock trains have been introduced on the sub-surface (District, Metropolitan, Hammersmith & City and Circle) lines. [194] Paper tickets, the contactless Oyster cards, contactless debit or credit cards[195] and Apple Pay[196] and Android Pay[197] smartphones and watches can be used for travel. Kings X is also the most popular (in terms of entry and exits), followed by Waterloo, Oxford Circus and Victoria. [16] The Underground first started accepting contactless debit and credit cards in September 2014. In the 2010s, the 18.8bn Crossrail project built a new eastwest railway tunnel under central London. These are made up of the sub-surface network and the deep-tube lines. [63] On 3 March 1943, a test of the air-raid warning sirens, together with the firing of a new type of anti-aircraft rocket, resulted in a crush of people attempting to take shelter in Bethnal Green Underground station. [162] The EE network has also recently released a WiFi calling feature available on the iPhone. [150] After the fatal 1987 King's Cross fire, all wooden escalators were replaced with metal ones and the mechanisms are regularly degreased to lower the potential for fires. The two Paddington stations operate as a combined station with shared usage statistics. In many stations the ventilation system is now ineffective because of alterations that reduce tunnel diameters and increase turbulence. [94] In 2013, the Underground celebrated its 150th anniversary, with celebratory events such as steam trains and installation of a unique Labyrinth artwork at each station.[95]. [9], The system's first tunnels were built just below the ground, using the cut-and-cover method; later, smaller, roughly circular tunnelswhich gave rise to its nickname, the Tubewere dug through at a deeper level. 14:18, Tue [277] The 100th anniversary of the roundel was celebrated in 2008 by TfL commissioning 100 artists to produce works that celebrate the design. [79], On 18 November 1987, fire broke out in an escalator at King's Cross St Pancras tube station. In the original Tube design, trains passing through close fitting tunnels act as pistons to create air pressure gradients between stations. [260] Although Fred H. Stingemore enlarged the central area of the map, it was Harry Beck who took this further by distorting geography and simplifying the map so that the railways appeared as straight lines with equally spaced stations. I would extend the Hayes Line to Sevenoaks via Keston, Biggin Hill Airport, Westerham, Brasted, Sundridge and Sevenoaks. Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 has a single-player level named Mind The Gap where most of the level takes place between the dockyards and Westminster while the player and a team of SAS attempt to take down terrorists attempting to escape using the London Underground via a hijacked train. [110], The average speed on the Underground is 20.5mph (33.0km/h). It has been shown as two separate stations at different times in the past. [146][147] In 1921 a recorded voice instructed passengers to stand on the right and signs followed in the Second World War. Five trains will be required for the Northern line extension and 45 to increase frequencies on the rest of the line. [269][270] The word "UNDERGROUND" was placed in a roundel instead of a station name on posters in 1912 by Charles Sharland and Alfred France, as well as on undated and possibly earlier posters from the same period. [331] The Underground has also featured in music such as The Jam's "Down in the Tube Station at Midnight" and in literature such as the graphic novel V for Vendetta. London Underground patronage by line in 201617, Underground Electric Railways Company era, Services using former and current main lines, Sub-surface lines (District, Metropolitan, Hammersmith & City and Circle), The Metropolitan and District railways joint inner circle service started in the shape of a horseshoe, a complete loop was formed in 1884. As at 19 March 2013[update] there had been 310days since the last major incident,[245] when a passenger had died after falling on the track. This London Underground Stations quiz is designed to test London's biggest transport fanatics. The system is patrolled by both uniformed and plain-clothes fare inspectors with hand-held Oyster-card readers. Its first section opened in 1863,[1] making it the oldest underground metro system in the world although approximately 55% of the current network is above ground,[2] as it generally runs on the surface in outlying suburbs. [77], In 1984 control of London Buses and the London Underground passed back to central government with the creation of London Regional Transport (LRT), which reported directly to the Secretary of State for Transport, still retaining the London Transport brand. Harlesden . [47] An extension of the Central line west to Ealing was also delayed by the war and was completed in 1920. [42] By 1907 the District and Metropolitan Railways had electrified the underground sections of their lines. Heathrow Terminals 2 and 3 station is between the terminals, which are a few minutes' walk away via pedestrian subway. Lewisham used to be served by the East London line (stations at New Cross and New Cross Gate). [238] When asked, passengers report overcrowding as the aspect of the network that they are least satisfied with, and overcrowding has been linked to poor productivity and potential poor heart health. Major work is to be undertaken on the fleet to ensure their continued reliability with brakes, traction control systems, doors, automatic control systems being repaired or replaced, among other components. This will replace the existing fleet with new air-cooled walk-through trains and a new signalling system to allow Automatic Train Operation. [226], Accessibility for people with limited mobility was not considered when most of the system was built, and before 1993 fire regulations prohibited wheelchairs on the Underground. [261] He presented his original draft in 1931, and after initial rejection it was first printed in 1933. This has the effect of reducing laminar airflow by 94%. There are 184 lifts,[153] and numbers have increased in recent years because of investment in making tube stations accessible. The 11 new stations were designed to be "Future-proof", with wide passageways, large quantities of escalators and lifts, and emergency exits. The line opened in 196871 with the trains being driven automatically and magnetically encoded tickets collected by automatic gates gave access to the platforms. [37] The Metropolitan even encouraged beards for staff to act as an air filter. [302], The first posters used various type fonts, as was contemporary practice,[304] and station signs used sans serif block capitals. The Bakerloo line between Queen . [336] Performers are chosen by audition, with previous buskers including Ed Sheeran, George Michael and Rod Stewart.[337]. ", "Rolling Origin & Destination Survey (RODS)", "Up to date per line London Underground usage statistics", "Piccadilly Underground line Transport for London", Passenger Train Services over Unusual Lines, "Passenger Train Services over Unusual Lines", "Making transport more accessible to all", "Environmental Quality in Underground Railways", "Work begins to cool the platforms at two major central London stations", "Improving the Tube What we're doing Improving the trains", "Numeric and experimental analysis of the turbulent flow through a channel with baffle plates", "Deadly Asbestos 'All Over the Place' on London Underground", "Mystery over Tube escalator etiquette cleared up by restored film", "Incline lift at Greenford Tube station is UK first", "Improvements and Projects Step-free access", "London Underground Advertising | All Products & Formats", "Virgin Media extends free wi-fi on London Underground until 2013", "Plans for mobile network on London underground shelved", "4G on Jubilee line tunnel section from March 2020", "London Underground Virgin Media WiFi Network", "New consultation on Bakerloo line extension opens today", "Bakerloo line extension Background to Consultation Summary Report October 2019", "Planning for the Future Bakerloo line extension", "Clapham Junction next for Northern Line says London Assembly member", "Metropolitan Line extension stalemate between mayor Sadiq Khan and government leaves TFL mulling bus scheme alternative", "Canary Wharf Group in talks about rail link to Euston", "Information on the Northern Line upgrade", "Major works to improve Victoria line services this summer", "All Victoria Line trains to run 'end to end' for first time", "Third Time Lucky: A Look At The New Sub-Surface Signalling Plan", "LU begins search for new Jubilee and Northern line train supplier", "Design for the 'New Tube for London' revealed", "Driverless Tube trains: Unions vow 'war' over plan", "New Tube for London invitations to tender issued", "Khan: New Piccadilly rolling stock will be delivered by 2023", "East Yorkshire factory wins 1.5bn Tube train deal", "TfL to accept Apple Pay on public transport", "Android Pay accepted for pay as you go travel in London", "Fares & payments Contactless Apple Pay", "Fares & payments Fares Tube, DLR and London Overground", "Fares & payments Oyster Using your Oyster card Capping", "Fares & payments Oyster Using your Oyster card Incomplete journeys", "The 66.5million cost of not touching out your Oyster card", "London's contactless fares system to power New York's subway, bus and rail journeys", "New York to Replace MetroCard With Modern Way to Pay Transit Fares", "The MBTA has a $723 million plan to change the way you pay for rides The Boston Globe", "Revenue Enforcement and Prosecutions Policy", "Later London Underground service being considered", "Party on, London Tube will run an hour later on Fridays and Saturdays", "Transport in London over Christmas and New Year's Eve", "London 2012 Olympics: Tube to shut hour later, TfL says", "Night Tube start date postponed as talks continue", "London tube to run all night at weekends but 750 jobs to go", "London night tube services to Heathrow start this weekendCoronavirus: London cuts Tube trains and warns 'don't travel unless you really have to', "The London Underground An accessible future? 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